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Nella Larsen
Nellallitea "Nella" Larsen, born Nellie Walker (April 13, 1891 – March 30, 1964), was an American novelist of the Harlem Renaissance. First working as a nurse and a librarian, she published two novels—''Quicksand'' (1928) and ''Passing'' (1929)—and a few short stories. Though her literary output was scant, she earned recognition by her contemporaries. A revival of interest in her writing has occurred since the late 20th century, when issues of racial and sexual identity have been studied. Her works have been the subjects of numerous academic studies.
==Biography==
Nella Larsen was born Nellie Walker in a poor district of Chicago known as the Levee, on April 13, 1891, the daughter of Peter Walker, likely a mulatto Afro-Caribbean immigrant from the Danish West Indies and Marie Walker, née Hansen, a Danish immigrant. Her mother was a seamstress and domestic worker.〔Pinckney, Darryl, "Shadows"] (review of ''In Search of Nella Larsen: A Biography of the Color Line'', by George Hutchinson), ''Nation'' 283, no. 3 (July 17, 2006), pp. 26-28.〕 Her father was likely a mixed-race descendant of Henry or George Walker, white men from Albany, New York, who settled in the Danish West Indies about 1840.〔Hutchinson, George (2006), (''In Search of Nella Larsen: A Biography of the Color Line'' ), Harvard University Press, pp. 19-20.〕 In that Danish society, racial lines were more fluid and Walker may never have identified as "Negro."〔 He soon disappeared from the lives of Nella and her mother; she said he had died when she was very young. At this time, Chicago was filled with immigrants but the Great Migration had not begun from the South, and the black population was 1.3% in 1890 and still only 2% in 1910, near the end of her childhood on the South Side.〔Hutchinson (2006), pp. 15-16.〕
Her mother Marie married Peter Larsen, a fellow Danish immigrant, by whom she had another daughter, Anna.〔 Nellie took her stepfather's surname, sometimes using versions spelled as Nellye Larson, Nellie Larsen and, finally, settling on Nella Larsen.〔Sachi Nakachi, (''Mixed-Race Identity Politics in Nella Larsen and Winnifred Eaton (Onoto Watanna)'' ), (doctoral dissertation, Ohio University), p. 14. Accessed October 27, 2006.〕 The mixed family moved west to a mostly white neighborhood of German and Scandinavian immigrants, but encountered discrimination. When Nella was eight, they moved a few blocks back east. The author and critic Darryl Pinckney wrote of her anomalous situation:
"as a member of a white immigrant family, she () had no entrée into the world of the blues or of the black church. If she could never be white like her mother and sister, neither could she ever be black in quite the same way that Langston Hughes and his characters were black. Hers was a netherworld, unrecognizable historically and too painful to dredge up."〔 Most American blacks were from the South, and Larsen had no connection with them.
As a child, Larsen lived for a few years with maternal relatives in Denmark, likely Jutland.〔Hutchinson (2006), p. 35.〕 While she was unusual in being of mixed race, she had some good memories of that time. Back in Chicago, she attended a large public school. As migration of blacks increased to the city, so did racial segregation and tensions in the immigrant neighborhoods. Her mother believed in education for girls and supported Larsen in attending Fisk University, a historically black university in Nashville, Tennessee. In 1907-08, for the first time Larsen was living within a black community; although she was still separated from most of the students, who were from the South. The biographer George Hutchinson found that she had been expelled for some violation of Fisk's strict dress or conduct codes.〔Hutchinson (2006), p. 6.〕 Larsen went to Denmark for four years and then returned to the U.S., but struggled to find a place where she could belong.〔
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